This paper briefly introduces my reflections based on lessons learned during the 2015 fall semester as a part of Hubert H. Humphrey Fellowship Program. I will explore leadership in higher education and the American presidency. In general, my reflection paper summarizes a knowledge gained from textbooks I read for my Penn State classes, the ideas I heard from different academic leaders whom I met in University Park, and a general info about the American presidency I got as a part of my visit to Washington D.C. to attend the Global Leadership Forum (GLF) 2015 organized by the U.S. Department of State and the Institute for International Education.
Thoughts on “academic leadership” and “academic leaders” (learned from textbooks)
The textbooks I explored as a part of my classes significantly increased my knowledge on issues related to leadership at HEIs, and thus I am able now to share my personal opinions on the topic. My main understanding is that academic leadership is the first and foremost category needed for having a successful university, and it serves the institution’s academic mission and core values. Being a so-called “team sport,” academic leadership involves effective communication, inspiring other people, and building coalitions across the university’s units. The role of sound academic leadership for U.S. higher education is more important than ever before because at many HEIs mission and core values are no longer obvious.
Generally speaking, academic leadership at American universities includes board members, presidents, provosts, vice presidents, deans, and department chairs. In other words, persons seating at the mentioned positions are considered to be academic leaders at institutional level. Academic leaders are the notion of teamwork, collaboration, empowerment of others, and the art of coalition and team building. Academic leaders need to develop a broad understanding of how his/her university is structured and functions, and understand the loci of decision making on institutional issues (Hendrickson, Lane, Harris, & Dorman, 2013, p. I). To be more precise, an academic leader should ensure that his/her decisions are based on a clear mission and core values.
An academic leader’s main task is to be fully prepared for institutional adaptation to external changes. He/she must learn to cultivate relationships with stakeholders including faculty, students, alumni, and parents by taking advantage of new communication tools such a social media.
I believe, being the most important actor within the academic leadership at any single HEI, the university president is the most appropriate category to describe an average American academic leader. In this point, I like a quotation by Clark Kerr (1964), the 12th president of the University of California system and first chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley: “The University president in the United States is expected to be a friend of the students, a colleague of the faculty, a good fellow with the alumni, a sound administrator with the trustees, a good speaker with the public, an astute bargainer with the foundations and the federal agencies, a politician with the state legislature, a friend of industry, labor, and agriculture, a persuasive diplomat with the donors, a champion of education generally, a supporter of professions, a spokesman to the press, a scholar in his own right, a public servant at the state and national levels, a devotee of opera and football equally, a decent human being, a good husband and father, an active member of a church. Above all he must enjoy traveling in airplanes, eating his meals in public, and attending public ceremonies.” (Kerr, 1963, pp. 29-30). Maybe that is the main reason why having not many completely successful university presidents without serious academic problems or non-academic conflicts during their presidency.
I was impressed to learn about the increasing demand and diminishing interest for a position of university president in the United States. Based on a study conducted by the American Council on Education, the average age of an academic president in the United States has increased from 52 years in 1986 to 60 years in 2006, and the percentage of presidents over the age of 61 grew from 14 percent to 49 percent over the same period. Other senior leaders of academic institutions are of a similar age too. It means, in forthcoming ten years there will be a large number of retirements and a great demand for new academic leaders. It is very interesting fact that only 30 percent of provosts overall plan to seek an academic presidency in the future. The lack of aspiration to the academic presidency seems to stem from the unappealing nature of university president’s work (Hendrickson, Lane, Harris, & Dorman, 2013, pp. 244-245).
Characteristics of academic leaders (learned firsthand)
During this semester I had the opportunity to meet a number of local academic leaders including president, vice president, provost, deans, and department chairs, and it was a unique chance to learn from them the main characteristics and capabilities needed to be a good leader. I believe academic leaders should have a good image in society and close personal contacts both in business community and state authorities. Academic leaders at American university are supposed to be able to build his/her team, to know his/her staff as people, and more importantly, to allow them to talk, to learn and to develop. Academic leaders should appoint self-motivated people, set goals, ask for benchmark measures of success, and demand for a result.
Nowadays, academic leaders should increase reliance on the institution, recognize that acting is thinking, know their followers, and understand the sources of common errors. There is no magic button in an academic leadership position. This fact requires some values like integrity, expertise, energy, and empathy. He/she is learning in each step of the game and of course he/she is learning from others.
In terms of personal capabilities, I was assured by real leaders that a good academic leader has to be really patient, personally self-confident, diligent, and honest. Plus, having enormous capacity for criticism, strong decision making skills, good sense of humor, and respect to people are fundamental indicators to be able to run a whole American university, college or any sub-unit at HEI.
Almost all professionals I met in State College believe that an academic leader is supposed to make his/her university or college different from others to be more successful. He/she should help staff in the institution understand how their work contributes to the overall mission. A member of Penn State’s Board argued that academic leader should be able making a list of priorities and selecting the top three or four. He/she always needs a strategic plan with short-term and long-term objectives. However, making even small changes leader will require agreement and assistance of deans and department chairpersons. It is very important that a leader should be skeptical about his/her accomplishments.
One of Penn State’s deans underlined that a university leader needs to have senior administrators support, to offer real alternatives for those who oppose him/her, to love academic soul, and to take into account that faculty will always complain. A new leader should learn history or previous cases, and remember that after one year, his/her predecessor’s problems become his/her problems. By joining President Barron’s Tailgate and watching a football game at President’s box, I think that a person not loving and supporting a football may not become a university president in the United States. In other words, meaning more than a sport for Americans, football is one of the non-academic and mostly efficient tools to run a university successfully, to make it a real part of community, and to get more opportunities in terms of academic excellence. Of course, at some universities, like Duke or University of Kentucky, basketball is king – not football. And at other universities, different sports or another non-curricular are more important. My conclusion is that a good academic leader is supposed to benefit from all potential instruments, including athletics, to create an academic institution with a good image, a high competition in enrollment, a big demand for results of conducted research, as well as a well-functioning fundraising mechanism.
According to some members of Penn State’s leadership, a good academic leader should secure that his/her institution brings technology to society and make it interested in knowledge that makes life better. At the same time, he/she has to follow global trends in higher education in terms of providing university services aimed at preparation of so-called “global citizens”, and this requires well-designed internationalization strategy developed by university leadership. In this regard, I am amazed by Penn State’s ongoing efforts to be a Truly Global University. “Enhancing Global Engagement” and “Fostering and Embracing a Diverse World” are two key parts of Penn State’s Strategic Plan for 2016-2020. I like Penn State’s vision recently declared by Dr. Nicholas Jones, an Executive Vice President and Provost: “Penn State will be recognized as a global leader in learning, discovery, and engagement that fosters innovation, embraces diversity in all its forms, and inspires achievement that will change the world in positive and enduring ways.” (Jones, 2015).
General picture of nationwide leaders (learned from American history)
Visiting the U.S. capital to attend the 2015 GLF and meeting with professionals representing different American organizations pushed me to treat a leadership issue on a national level rather than institutional. At the National Museum of American History I was really impressed by a quote from Lyndon B. Johnson (April 30, 1964): “The presidency has made every man who occupied it, no matter how small, bigger than he was; and no matter how big, not big enough for its demands.” It was mentioned that the men who have served as president have found the office both an honor and a challenge. Its demands are numerous, incessant, high-profile, and visible, requiring absolute and constant attention. Most of presidents rose to the majesty of the office. They understood the responsibilities connected to it and extended themselves in their service to the nation.
It was very interesting to learn that Americans place no greater responsibility on any one individual than they do on the president. Could any job be more demanding and complex? They ask the president to be executive, diplomat, military leader, and consoler. On any given day he might have to make life-and-death decisions, propose policies that will change the course of the country, and then greet a group of elementary schoolchildren.
I was impressed by getting some information about leadership characteristics of American presidents. Being one of the glorious representatives of American history, Abraham Lincoln could surround himself with very strong people. He highly valued his team members because they were strong, independent and experienced. He actively sought out their perspectives and respected their capabilities. Plus, his independence and trust in his judgment gave him the confidence to learn from others, seek their advice and still make the decisions that he needed to make based on his own personal assessments of the situation. Lincoln was a truly leader who earned all times’ Americans nationwide respect and gratitude. The recent observations renewed my reflections sourced from the movie, Lincoln.
At the same time, having a vision, a strong decision-making style, and ability to delegate are considered the three essential factors those made John F. Kennedy one of the mostly effective U.S. presidents. His greatest quality as a leader was his ability to inspire and reach the American people on an emotional and personal level. During his two year and ten months presidency he could touch the hearts of everyday Americans. Kennedy strived to educate American public on urgent needs by pursuing long-term goals in the interest of national security.
Education was extremely important for John Adams, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Starting his education at Harvard, Adams valued education and never stopped learning. He used to read Homer and Cicero in their native languages. He was able to see his shortcomings and recruited others to fill in the gaps. In addition to his learning, intelligence, and independence of mind, Adams had a capacity for hard work that one would have thought boded well for the prospects of his presidency. However, most historians argue that Adams could not ensure a successful presidency due to his stiffness of personality and inability to make the necessary small compromises.
Franklin D. Roosevelt wrote a new chapter in American history. Many historians consider him as one of the greatest U.S. presidents. Roosevelt had a curious mind and was always keen to learn more. He was an excellent communicator and learned much through conversations and interactions with the outside world. As a result he became one of the best orators of the 20th century. He was known to be extremely confident in his own opinions and decisions. I learned that the best presidents are those that guide the country through troubled times, such as Washington during the first years of the unstable republic and Lincoln through the Civil War. In this regard, the onset of World War II actually helped Roosevelt stake his claim as one of the greats.
Similar stories of other U.S. presidents show the historical role and vital importance of great leaders with real leadership characteristics in American history since its independence. All U.S. presidents have contributed to get today’s well developed and deeply capable American statehood heritage. I like a quotation by Ronald Reagan: “The greatest leader is not necessarily the one who does the greatest thinks. He is the one that gets the people to do the greatest thinks.”
Conclusion
Summarizing my reflections on academic and nationwide leadership based on knowledge learned from textbooks, personal opinions gathered from practitioners, and American presidency examples taken from museums and other historical sources, I have to mention that the 2015 fall semester was a great contribution to my personal development. All activities implemented within the Humphrey program really changed my mind in terms of developing own leadership skills. I think everyone may become a good leader by benefiting from relevant textbooks, individual stories, and lessons from a history. In that point, a potential roadmap might include three levels – institutional (university), sectorial (education system) and nationwide (home country) leadership development. I have been reassured that all institutions (at all levels) need good leaders to reach their strategic goals and to function successfully. I found significant differences between American and Azerbaijan academic and national leaders. Of course, these differences originated from unlike higher education systems and distinct societies in two countries.
Shahin V. Bayramov
Humphrey Fellow at the Pennsylvania State University (August 2015 – June 2016)
Faculty & administrative staff member at Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC)
Bibliography
Hendrickson, R. M., Lane, J. E., Harris, J. T., & Dorman, R. H. (2013). Academic Leadership and Governance of Higher Educaion. Sterling, Virginia: Stylus.
Jones, N. P. (2015, November 20). Global Penn State: Our Ongoing Efforts to Be a Truly Global University. Report to the Board of Trustees. University Park, PA, USA: http://www.psu.edu/ur/newsdocuments/Provost_Report_BOT_11-20-2015.pdf.
Kerr, C. (1963). The uses of the university. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
